Almost all the formulas we use in the management of the disorders of water homeostasis are derived from the Edelman equation. I am presenting where these formulas come from for the math aficionados. Edelman equation · Original…
Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death among ESRD patients. However, this excess cardiovascular mortality in ESRD patients should not be mainly attributed to coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction. The 4D study and other studies have…
I was at the ASN Kidney Week in Philadelphia last week and I had the chance to check out some abstracts and discuss with the authors. Three abstracts called my attention right away. I uploaded a post a…
Hypertonicity in kidney medullary interstitium is essential for urinary concentration. Osmolality in the papillary interstitium can reach up to 1200 mOsm/kg. How do cells in the renal medullary interstitium survive this hypertonic stress? Virtually all cells respond to…
Dr. Arthur C. Guyton (1919-2003) was one of the greatest physiologists of our time. One of Dr. Guyton’s many seminal contributions to medicine was to establish the role of kidneys in long-term blood pressure regulation via a mechanism…
When managing patients with metabolic acidosis, some nephrologists are afraid of prescribing NaHCO3 because of the potential adverse consequences of increasing ECF volume and worsening blood pressure. However, there is significant evidence that the kidneys handle NaCl in…
How does sodium retention occur in liver cirrhosis? Most of us accept Schrier’s peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis. This hypothesis postulates that overproduction of vasodilatory substances in the splanchnic circulation in cirrhosis leads to splanchnic pooling and decreased “effective”…
