In an ideal world, patients would present to our clinic with straightforward conditions, allowing us to confidently treat the patient with effective medications which will likely have much more benefit than harm. However, we also commonly encounter patients…
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) can lead to a reduction in kidney blood flow with resultant ischemia of the affected kidney. The consequences of this reduction are a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and activation of the…
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) was first described in 1982 in a case of segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis (Fig. 1). The first international ANCA workshop in 1989 delineated a standard immunofluorescence technique to test for ANCA in kidney biopsy specimen….
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disease, affecting 1/400 to 1/1000 live births and is the fourth leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in adults. Both types of ADPKD (1 and 2) typically have…
Lupus nephritis occurs in up to 80% of patients with SLE, and is associated with significantly reduced survival. Interestingly, one of the first studies to describe lupus nephritis was written approximately 50 years ago (Fig. 1) and was…
