Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in the Caucasian adult population with an estimated incidence of 8–10 cases per 1 million and commonly seen in males above the age of 40. It is…
Currently, the timing of initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a challenge. T Despite several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing early versus late initiation strategies of RRT, the…
The last few decades have been revolutionary in terms of improving end stage kidney disease (ESKD) care with respect to increasing the number of transplant recipients as well as upping the immunosuppression game. The use of calcineurin inhibitors…
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) treatment began much earlier than hemodialysis but was not successful due to the many complications associated with it and the difficulties with access to the peritoneal cavity. It was in 1946 that Dr. Fine and…
In an ideal world, patients would present to our clinic with straightforward conditions, allowing us to confidently treat the patient with effective medications which will likely have much more benefit than harm. However, we also commonly encounter patients…
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) can lead to a reduction in kidney blood flow with resultant ischemia of the affected kidney. The consequences of this reduction are a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and activation of the…
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) was first described in 1982 in a case of segmental necrotizing glomerulonephritis (Fig. 1). The first international ANCA workshop in 1989 delineated a standard immunofluorescence technique to test for ANCA in kidney biopsy specimen….
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a common genetic disease, affecting 1/400 to 1/1000 live births and is the fourth leading cause of end-stage kidney disease in adults. Both types of ADPKD (1 and 2) typically have…
Lupus nephritis occurs in up to 80% of patients with SLE, and is associated with significantly reduced survival. Interestingly, one of the first studies to describe lupus nephritis was written approximately 50 years ago (Fig. 1) and was…
