The 2017 Atlantic Hurricane Season was among the most active and devastating in history. Hurricane Maria caused an estimated $90 billion in damages in Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, making it the third costliest tropical cyclone…
Exclusion of urinary tract obstruction is one of the most common indications for point of care ultrasonography (POCUS) performed by nephrologists and internists, as it is a potentially reversible cause of acute kidney injury. Though obstruction of urinary…
Midodrine [1-(2′,5′- dimethoxy phenyl-1)-2- glycinado-ethanol (1)- hydrochloride] is a prodrug with rapid and near complete bioavailability after oral administration resulting in peak plasma levels 40 minutes after oral consumption. Midodrine is then converted by enzymatic cleavage in the…
Last week we looked at the basics and useful terminology employed for examining a vascular access. Now we will focus on specifics of the physical exam. Physical Examination Inspection (Look) Visual inspection can provide important clues regarding the…
In 2012, the introduction of the “monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance” (MGRS) for kidney disease associated with monoclonal proteins was revolutionary. MGRS was now clearly different from the benign monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). Prior to the…
Red Blood Cell (RBC) Casts:RBC casts (Fig. 1) are an important finding in the urinary sediment and most often signify the presence of a proliferative glomerulonephritis or vasculitic process. Although less common, RBC casts may also be seen…
Introduction Physical examination is a quick and inexpensive way of diagnosing stenosis and other causes of vascular access dysfunction. Its ability to reliably detect stenotic lesions compared with ultrasound and angiography (the gold standard), has repeatedly been demonstrated….
Fibrillary glomerulonephritis (GN) is a rare disease which accounts for about 1% of all kidney biopsies. The very first description of the disease was published by Rosenmann and Eliakim in 1977. They described a patient with nephrotic syndrome…
The tubulointerstitium of the kidney is broadly divided into the cortex and the medulla. These are extremely important components of the kidney, which can show a broad spectrum of changes ranging from subtle to significant, in both acute…
I grew up in León city, Nicaragua. León is known locally as the home of the oldest university in Nicaragua and it is located very close to the Pacific Ocean. The lack of a formal education makes it…