The use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with kidney disease is becoming the standard of care. This table covers many of the common potential side effects from several of the major clinical trials. Red- difference showing more adverse…
A visual abstract, sometimes called a graphical abstract or an infographic, is a simplified pictorial representation of a study, concept, or idea. A visual abstract gives viewers a gist of the study. It serves as a review, an…
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is characterized by microvascular endothelial injury and thrombosis, presenting both clinically and histopathologically in two main forms; acute and chronic TMA. Etiology and Clinical Presentation Table 1: Etiologies of TMA classified according to clinical presentation…
The greyscale ultrasound image is derived from the amplitude information in the echoes returning from a structure/organ. Rapidly moving structures such as red blood cells within blood vessels make very low amplitude echoes that cannot be displayed. That…
Renal Fellow Network teams up with the POCUS Journal to bring you: POCUS Case Reports—Kidney Care Edition. Trainees are encouraged to submit interesting or novel cases highlighting the use of clinician-performed ultrasound in any aspect of the care…
Welcome to the 12th case of the Skeleton Key Group, a team of forty+ nephrology fellows who work together to build a monthly education package for Renal Fellow Network. The cases are actual cases (without patient identifying information) that intrigued…
Understanding the basic immunologic principles is crucial for transplant management. Below is a summary of basic transplant immunology. Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Proteins MHCs are the group of cell surface proteins which are important for self-recognition, self-tolerance and…
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) have emerged as a breakthrough therapy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) reducing key cardiovascular and kidney endpoints. These effects appear to be independent of their effects on blood pressure and glucose….
Urinary tract infections (UTI) are among the most common medical disorders in the world. Bacteria are the main infectious agent that causes UTIs, and bacteriuria and leukocyturia are the hallmarks of urinary sediment in patients with UTI. Bacteria…
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multisystem involvement and no cure. Among patients with SLE, roughly 50% develop lupus nephritis and are at risk of developing lupus nephritis-related end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Current therapies for…